Central Banks and Banking Regulations Thesis - 15125 Words

Central Banks and Banking Regulations (Thesis Sample) Content: Central Banks and Banking Regulations Name:Course:Instructor: Date: Central Banks and Banking RegulationsAcknowledgementI would like to acknowledge my professors, family, and friends for the continued support in the course of the study. Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc430869121"
Acknowledgement  PAGEREF _Toc430869121 \h
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Table of Contents  PAGEREF _Toc430869122 \h
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1.0 Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc430869123 \h
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2.0 The Main Principles of Banking Supervision  PAGEREF _Toc430869124 \h
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2.1 Principles of Banking Regulation and Roles of Central Banks  PAGEREF _Toc430869125 \h
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2.1.1 Principles of Banking Supervision  PAGEREF _Toc430869126 \h
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2.1.2 Duties of Central Bank  PAGEREF _Toc430869127 \h
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2.1.3 Banking Supervision in USA  PAGEREF _Toc430869128 \h
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2.2 Overview of Banking Supervision / Regulation  PAGEREF _Toc430869129 \h
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2.2.1 Allocation of Supervision  PAGEREF _Toc430869130 \h
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2.2.2 Need for Risk Sensitivity  PAGEREF _Toc430869131 \h
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2.2.3 Importance of Financial Infrastructure  PAGEREF _Toc430869132 \h
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2.2.4 Core Principles of Financial Infrastructure  PAGEREF _Toc430869133 \h
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2.2.5 Methodology and Assessment  PAGEREF _Toc430869134 \h
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2.2.6 Tools for Banking Supervision  PAGEREF _Toc430869135 \h
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3.0 Challenges of the Banking Supervision  PAGEREF _Toc430869136 \h
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3.1 Is Banking Supervision Neces sary?  PAGEREF _Toc430869137 \h
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3.1.1 Basel 1  PAGEREF _Toc430869138 \h
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3.1.2 Basel II and its Pillars  PAGEREF _Toc430869139 \h
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3.1.3 Risk - Weighted Assets  PAGEREF _Toc430869140 \h
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3.1.4 Basel II  PAGEREF _Toc430869141 \h
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3.1.5 Main Banking Regulatory Body in the United States of America  PAGEREF _Toc430869142 \h
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3.2 Challenges of Banking Supervision during the 2008 Financial Crisis  PAGEREF _Toc430869143 \h
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3.3 Need for Reinforced Banking Supervision  PAGEREF _Toc430869144 \h
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3.4 Roles Played by the Central Banks in the Last Financial Crisis  PAGEREF _Toc430869145 \h
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4.0 Conclusion  PAGEREF _Toc430869146 \h
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References  PAGEREF _Toc430869147 \h
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Appendices  PAGEREF _Toc430869148 \h
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Appendix 1:  PAGEREF _Toc430869149 \h
581.0 IntroductionThis paper seeks to address banking supervisions, banking regulations, and the roles played by central banks in the same. Bank regulation refers to the written rules that provide for the acceptable code of conduct and behavior for financial institutions, while bank supervision is the enforcement of these rules (Tsingou, 2008). Central bank and governmental regulators do bank regulation and supervision, which involves monitoring the operations and financial performance of banks to ensure that they are following the rules and regulations that are laid down, and that they operate safely and soundly. Generally, bank regulation and supervision are done to ensure that the banks do not fail. Banking sector is an important sector in any given economy since the effectiveness of any monetary policy and the economic well being of any given economy is dependent on, and is determined by its financial system. Economies with weak financial systems have, in most cases, been experiencing high inflation rates, which is an indication of depreciation in monetary value. This in turn results into a low exchange rate of the economys currency in the international market. On the other hand, economies with strong financial systems are always associated with strong economic base and do experience an incline in economic growth. This implies that role played by the central banks in strengthening the financial system of their respective economies cannot be overemphasized, as it enhances economic growth in the economies. The banking sector is one of the most regulated economic sectors and nevertheless this regulation does not seem to have proved to be efficient or appropriate enough as many banking crisis occurred in many countries. For instance, in the 21s t century, a number of banking and financial crises have occurred in different economies of the world. These include the Uruguay Banking Crisis of 2002, subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S that started in the year 2007, 2008-2009 Belgian Financial crisis, 2008-2012 Spanish Financial crisis, and 2009 United Kingdom bank rescue among others. These happened yet the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) had the second Capital Accord known as Basel II in place. BCBS refers to a group of international banking authorities that work in order to strengthen the supervision, practices, and regulation of banks, and to improve worldwide financial stability (Goodhart, 2011). The establishment of the BCBS was done in 1960s with an aim of helping the banks to deal with globalization, and it is located in Basel, Switzerland. The activities of BCBS focus on information exchange on issues related to banking supervisory and national techniques and approaches. It develops guidelines and supervis ory standards for the banking system. Legal force does not back the decisions of the BCBS as it lacks formal authority. The work of the BCBS is organized under four main subcommittees. These include the Policy Development Group, the Standards Implementation Group, the Accounting Task Force, and the Basel Consultative Group (Goodhart, 2011). The Standards Implementation Group was established in order to promote consistency in, and to share information on, the Base II Frameworks implementation. However, in 2009, its goals were broadened to enhance the implementation of the general standards and guidelines of the BCBS. The Policy Development Group is charged with the mandate of reviewing and identifying the supervisory issues that emerge. It is also mandated to develop and propose policies that are designed to create supervisory standards and sound banking systems. The Accounting Task Force is charged with the mandate of ensuring that practices and standards of international auditing a nd accounting promote management of risks at the banks (Goodhart, 2011). It is also mandated to develop reporting guidance and to take an active role in the development of the international auditing and accounting standards. Lastly, the Basel Consultative Group is charged with the mandate of facilitating supervisory dialogue with non member countries on the committees new initiatives through engaging the senior representatives of different international institutions, regional banking supervisors, and countries that are non members of the committee. With the aforementioned situations, this paper seeks to address banking supervisions, banking regulations, and the roles played by central banks in the same. This paper divided into three sections. The first section is the introduction, which describes the importance and the challenges of banking. The second section of this paper, which is its main body, is dived into two parts with the first part focusing Principles of banking regulati on and the overview of the banking supervision, and second part discussing the need for banking supervision and its challenges. The third section, which is the last section of this paper, is the conclusion section, which gives the general review of the bank regulation and banking supervision. The Main Principles of Banking Supervision2.1 Principles of Banking Regulation and Roles of Central BanksBanking supervision is very important as it helps in controlling the financial system of an economy. The central banks or any other governmental regulatory body that has been mandated by the law to do such usually does the supervision and the regulation of banks. Brunnermeier, Crockett, Goodhart, Persaud, and Shin, (2009), proposed seven principles upon which better regulation and supervision of banking is pegged. First in the list is that central banks or any government regulatory agency that is charged with regulation and supervision of banking should be in charge of macro prudential supe rvision and should have a mandate of maintaining financial stability in the economy. The second principle of banking regulation is that recapitalization of the banks should not be done using monetary policy as it is not an appropriate tool. Thirdly, all the institutions that carry out banking activities should form part of supervision and regulation process. In addition, there should be a risk premium to cover the expected losses of liabilities that are guaranteed by the government. The risk premium should be determined by the market and should be based on the risk that has been assumed by the institution. Another principle of banking regulation is that there should be regulation of the financial institutions that play key roles in the financial system to ensure that there is internali...

How Human Services Affect Communities And Organizations

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This could include but is not limited to food, housing, emergency assistance, healthcare, nursing home issues, etc. Communities, who show interest and keep up with the demands and needs of their residents, succeed far greater than those who don’t. Making sure residents are informed of services offered and where they can find the help they need, can relieve a lot of stressful situations. Human services professionals have personal, interpersonal and political empowerment. This means that they have the ability to help people, whether it’s an individual, family or community with what they need.Show MoreRelatedIssues Facing the Healthcare Services Sector1315 Words   |  5 PagesHealthcare Services Human services entail the services that meet human needs and are crucial in the society. The providers of human services include the public sector or the private sector where the costs to the individual vary. 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The Role Of Agriculture During The Soviet Union Age And Now

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The Power Of Fear Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Power Of Fear Essay, Research Paper The introductory readings, Obrien # 8217 ; s If I die in a Combat Zone, Hasford # 8217 ; s The Short-Timers, Moore # 8217 ; s The Green Berets, and Obrien # 8217 ; s Traveling After Cacciato, all portion a common component # 8211 ; fright. An built-in portion of each narrative is a sense of fright that helps to escalate the experiences being related by the writer ; ie do the narratives more realistic. Without the usage of fright, these narratives would lose much of their impact. The full experience of Vietnam pivots on fright for many of the characters in these narratives. In Obrien # 8217 ; s If I die in a Combat Zone, the chief character battles to equilibrate his fright with his responsibility to his state, his town, and himself. # 8220 ; So to convey the conversations to a focal point and besides to seek out in existent words my secret frights, I argued for running off, # 8221 ; ( Combat, 29 ) the character says. He merely is torn between what he feels is a duty, and the many parts of his fright. Afraid of non continuing his pride, afraid of deceasing in a, # 8220 ; [ war that ] was wrongly conceived and ill justified, # 8221 ; ( Combat, 29 ) , and crippled by, # 8220 ; Doubts # 8230 ; hedged all this: I had neither the expertness nor the wisdom to synthesise replies # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Combat, 29 ) , the character merely is paralyzed by fright, and because of this, gets on the conscript coach without truly holding made a determination. It was an rational and physical stand-off, and I did non hold the energy to see it to an terminal. I did non desire to be a soldier, non even a perceiver to war. But neither did I want to upset a curious balance between the order I knew, the people I knew, and my ain private universe. It was non that I valued that order. But I feared its antonym, inevitable pandemonium, animadversion, embarrassment, the terminal of everything that had happened in my life, the terminal of it all ( Combat, 34 ) . This quotation mark best illustrates his inability to do that necessary determination, and his failure to get the better of his enfeebling fright. In Hasford # 8217 ; s The Short Timers, fright is an implicit in current to much of the section that we have read. From when the poges say, # 8220 ; Sleep togethering oinks # 8230 ; they # 8217 ; re nil but animate beings # 8230 ; , # 8221 ; ( Short-Timers, 39 ) and the Marines # 8217 ; reaction, to the exchange between Joker and Animal Mother when Joker must set up himself as a non-poge, the ambiance has fear right below the surface emotions. It is of import to them to set up that they are non afraid of anything, yet it is easy to see that right beneath that bluster is a fright that person will name their bluff. All the difficult talk, # 8220 ; the baddest of the bad, the leanest of the tilt, the meanest of the mean, # 8221 ; ( Short-Timers, 40 ) is all merely this small show, as much for the performing artist as the audience. Their demand for this presentation of manhood is taken a measure farther by Cowboy when he talks about taking over squad leader for Crazy Earl, # 82 20 ; I # 8217 ; m merely waiting for Craze to acquire wasted. Or possibly he # 8217 ; ll merely travel obviously bally loony. That # 8217 ; s how Craze got to be honcho. Ol’ Stark, he was our foreman before Craze. Ol’ Supergrunt. Went blunt raving. Pretty shortly it’ll be my bend, † ( Short-Timers, 42 ) . Possibly it will be Cowboy’s turn as squad leader ; or is it his opportunity to, â€Å" [ travel ] stark raving, † ? The drive force behind PFC Paul Berlin in Obrien # 8217 ; s Traveling After Cacciato is the fright of deceasing. The exercising affecting the booby-traps disturbances Berlin because he doesn # 8217 ; t understand how the NCO can blackball his life without him doing any errors. # 8220 ; He was a straight-forward, honest, nice kind of cat. He was non dense. He was non little or weak or ugly. True the war scared him silly, but this was something he hoped to convey under control, # 8221 ; ( Cacciato, 40 ) . Berlin at least is honorable plenty to recognize how much the war scares him, and takes it bosom. # 8220 ; He was scared, yes, and confused and lost, and he had no sense of what was expected of him or of what to anticipate from himself, # 8221 ; ( Cacciato, 41 ) . This craze stems from the fright # 8211 ; the fright of everything that is so different from his norms. Moore # 8217 ; s The Green Berets packages the facet of fright more as a situational invariable than the others. # 8220 ; I felt a sense of accelerating exhilaration as the small eight-place single-engine plane closed on Pan Chau in a cragged subdivision along the Kampuchean boundary line, # 8221 ; ( Green Berets, 30 ) . Right from the beginning, we are put on the border, with a frisson of fright ripple at our senses. The buildup of Sven Kornie # 8217 ; s history merely adds the exhilaration, as anyone with a background like that could merely be involved in the most unsafe missions. As the chief character is brought to Kornie, we are told by Borst, # 8220 ; We # 8217 ; re certain trusting we don # 8217 ; t acquire hit in the following few yearss. The cantonment International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t secure yet, # 8221 ; ( Green Berets, 33 ) . This seems to be said about airily, but the world of an insecure base is far from a gag, and both the storyteller and Borst know this. Towards the terminal of this choice, Sven says, # 8220 ; Those Vietnamese generals # 8211 ; stupid! Dangerous stupid. Two hundred 50 my best work forces that sneak-eyed yellow-skinned asshole cops commander take out of here yesterday # 8212 ; and our large American generals? Politicss they play while this camp gets zapped, # 8221 ; ( Green Berets, 33 ) . The loss of those work forces evidently is more than a minor irritation to Kornie, who, from his background, would look to necessitate utmost steps to hold fright. In all the choices that we were to read, there exists many analogues. Many are superficial, and some go to the nucleus of the Vietnam experience. Following the yarn of fright from one narrative to the following is interesting because the writers use it in so many different ways # 8211 ; but it remains one of the common denominators to all of them. How the characters deal with the fright, and in what context it is described in is a big portion of the Vietnam narrative as a whole, and many of the issues that Vietnam is celebrated for build about entirely upon the changeless fright that pervaded the lives of those there.